语言，法律及政策导向

Four points in his brief talk: 

a. Languages used in the current world; 

b. What is “foreign-related”; 

c. North American legal education in brief; and

d. Policy orientations.

他在发言中提及以下四个问题：

a. 当今世界语言的使用；

b. 何谓"涉外";             

c. 北美法律教育简要；

d. 政策导向。

By reviewing the use of languages around the globe, it is noted that Chinese is the most spoken language by native speakers. English is the language most widely spoken by total number of speakers in the world.

回顾全球范围的语言使用，人们已经注意到汉语系使用母语人数最多的语言。英语则是世界人数上最为广泛使用的语言。 

If one sections the globe and looks at the most spoken languages, the sectional view of the globe shows that the widest use is English in the outer circle and the next circle is the Chinese language. Mr. Zhang takes a viewpoint after the discussion and explained the apocalypse: we should let more Chinese learn English and let more foreign nationals learn Chinese, so as to increase the width of the cross-section of language users between Chinese and English.

如果将地球进行剖视并看其截面图，我们可以看到最多使用的语言，那么这个剖视图就表明英语在外层面上最为广泛使用的，下一个则是汉语。张先生在讨论后提出了这一观点并展示启示录：让更多中国人学习英语，让更多的外国人学习汉语，这样可以增加中英语言交互使用的人群区域范围。

Such increasing use of dual language will naturally help people from these language zones better understand each other and communicate with each other easier in civilizational talk. More understanding with each other will surely reduce the risks of conflicts and increase the chances of harmony, security and world peace.

增加使用双语人群的区域将会自然而然帮助这些语言区域的人们更好的相互了解并更容易在文明的方式层面开展对话。不同文明之间更多的相互理解肯定会减少冲突风险并增加和谐，安全和世界和平的机会。

What is “foreign-related”, when one considers foreign-related legal talent education? From civil and commercial law, the audience is called to note the interpretation of “foreign-related” under Chinese law, which includes basically three elements: whether the parties are located in different countries (or regions), and whether the legal relationship arises, changes or terminates in a foreign country (or region) or whether the subject matter relates to a foreign country (or region). Other relevant factors may also be considered.

每当考虑涉外人才教育，需首先了解何谓“涉外”？从民商角度，就要求听众意识到中国法项下对“涉外”的解释，其中包括三个基本部分：当事人是否在不同的国家（地区）；法律关系的产生、变更或终止是否涉及不同的国家（地区）；标的物是否涉及另一个国家（地区）？另外，其他相关因素也可以考虑。

There is an interpretation of the same matter under the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (1985, 2006). The interpretation of “international” under the UNCITRAL Model Law is broader than the interpretation of “foreign related”. The former includes situations where the parties expressly agree that the matter is international because it relates to more than one country.

《联合国国际贸易法委员会国际商事仲裁法示范法》（1985年版和2006年版）同样涉及一个关于此问题的解释。联合国仲裁示范法对“国际”的解释要比“涉外”的解释更为宽泛。前者可以包括当事人明示约定的问题是“国际的”这种情形，当事人约定涉及一个以上的国家，则可以认定为“国际”。

The speaker suggested that if we adopt the concept of “international” under the UNCITRAL Model Law, in accordance with party autonomy in the new Arbitration Law, we will be more likely to merge into or align with a larger friendly circle of countries under the UNCITRAL Model Law.

演讲人建议，如果我们在未来修订后的《仲裁法》中按当事人意思自治原则也采纳《联合国仲裁示范法》的“国际”概念，那么我们可能加入到采纳《联合国仲裁示范法》的更宽泛友好的朋友圈，并与其保持价值链接。

By looking at the case study of Paklito v. Klockner East Asia ([1993], HKCFI 147), the speaker cited an example where international experience can be applied in domestic context in the process of development and growth of the domestic law and rules. The case involves an expert report that was sent to the parties, but was not yet commented when the award is made. The award was rejected in enforcement application in Hong Kong in 1993.

参照Paklito v.Klockner East Asia ([1993],HKCFI 147)的个案研究，演讲人援引了这个例子，说明国际经验可以在国内法和规则的发展演变过程中适用到国内法中。该案涉及到专家报告已经寄给了当事人，但仲裁庭在收到当事人对专家报告评论之前却已经作出了裁决。该裁决在香港1993年的申请执行程序中未被香港法院按照《纽约公约》的条款予以承认和执行。

 Subsequently, CIETAC amended its rules to allow the parties the opportunity to comment on expert reports in the arbitration proceedings (now Rule 44, CIETAC Arbitration Rules). The case shows that it is advisable to apply such international experience hardly learnt in the domestic context on the road ahead towards modernization.  

随后，中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会修改其规则，允许当事人有机会在仲裁程序中对专家报告作出评论（现《贸仲规则》第44条）。本案表明适用此类国际经验是非常可取的，因为在国内立法走向现代化的道路上可以借此学习机会提升自己。

The third aspect Mr. Zhang briefed is the legal education in North America. He introduced very briefly the process of becoming a law student in a foreign law school, and becoming a locally licensed lawyer through the route of local qualification. He explained the importance of learning systemically the knowledge and method of common law through formal legal education in North America in his PPTs.

张先生还简要谈到北美法律教育。他非常扼要介绍如何成为一名外国法学校的法律学生以及如何通过获得当地律师资格的途径成为当地执业律师的过程。他在PPT中解释了通过北美正式法律教育系统学习知识和普通法思维做法。

He explained a case study where a foreign lawyer was required to go through the local articling process in Manitoba, Canada (Singh v. The Law Society of Manitoba, 2019 MBLS 11, CanLII). It shows that the system of legal qualification and licensing can be built by setting requirements and gradually opening to lawyers of other jurisdictions.

作为外国律师的“市场准入”问题，他解释一名外国律师要通过加拿大Manitoba当地的法律考试（Singh v. The Law Society of Manitiba, 2019 MBLS11，CanLII）然后进行必要的实习。这个案例研究说明，通过制定适当的法律资质条件和实习要求可以渐渐向其他法域的律师敞开自己的法律职业大门。

Finally, some observations for future government policy orientations are made in his talk. We can have a dual language policy to have Chinese language as the base language (as the pictorial language is an advantage in framing the oriental thinking), and English or another foreign language chosen by the relevant persons as a working language, and encourage young legal talents to strengthen foreign language learning and use of a foreign language in their legal professional growth.

最后，他对未来政府政策导向提出其自己的一些看法。我们可以设立双语“语”策（语言政策），并以汉语为基础语言（汉语是象形文字形成自己的独特思维的语言优势），而英语或相关人员选择的外国语作为工作语言，并且鼓励年轻的法律人才在法律业务成长期间加强外语学习和使用一门外语。

In the cross of domestic and international field (alternatively called “foreign-related field”), parties (including natural persons and legal persons) should be encouraged to act under the principle of party autonomy to deal with their own civil and commercial matters. Government should leave the necessary “authorizations” to the citizens and legal persons for matters within their party autonomy, including writing up their own contracts and relevant arbitration agreements.

在交叉的国内国际领域内（也可称为“涉外”领域），我们应当鼓励当事人（包括自然人及法人）根据当事人意思自治原则行事，自治处理其民商事问题。政府应当将必要的“授权”留给公民和法人，让他们自己去处理他们当事人自治的事项，包括起草涉外合同和相关的仲裁协议。

In language learning, Chinese within China and Chinese overseas should be encouraged to “walk” to other language community by following a policy of “going out of your Chinese language circle to learn new things” (出“语”学习) instead of “going out of the country to learn new things” (出“国”学习). This type of mental re-figuration on policy strategies will gradually enable the capacity building of young talents towards persons of international calibers.

在语言学习中，我们应鼓励中国领域内的中国人和海外华人“走”向其它语言社区，以“走出汉语区域去学习新事物”（出“语”学习）替代“走出国门去学习新事物”（出“国”学习）的政策。这种政策和战略上的思维重塑将逐渐帮助更多年轻人才成为具备国际能力的人才。